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Uterine fibroids are noncancerous (benign) tumors that grow in or around the uterus, also known as the womb. They are very common, especially in women of childbearing age in fact they are most common tumors in women worldwide. While many women with fibroids have no symptoms, some experience heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and other issues. Fibroids, can also affect fertility and pregnancy.
Epigenetics studies how behaviors and the environment can change the way genes work without altering the underlying DNA sequence itself. These changes involve chemical modifications to the DNA or associated proteins, collectively known as the epigenome, which act like switches to turn genes "on" or "off". This process is crucial for normal development, can influence health and disease, and can sometimes be passed down to future generations.
The integration of high-throughput technologies and big data analytics is revolutionizing vaccine research. Multi-omics approaches—such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—enable a deeper understanding of immune responses at a cellular and molecular level. AI and machine learning algorithms further enhance vaccine design by predicting antigenic targets and optimizing formulations.
Estrogen is a key hormone influencing the growth and development of breast cancer, particularly in tumors expressing estrogen receptors (ER+). While estrogen doesn't cause breast cancer, it can act locally within the breast tissue to stimulate the proliferation (growth and division) of cancer cells, playing a significant role in tumor development and progression.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Comprising 15–20% of breast cancers, TNBC is typically high-grade, affecting mainly premenopausal women, and individuals with inherited gene alterations, such as the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes 1and 2 (BRCA 1and 2) mutations. At diagnosis the tumor demonstrates aggressive biological behavior with a proclivity to be higher grade, often has lymph node involvement at diagnosis, and a tendency to metastasize even after curative treatment. TNBC has a poor prognosis when compared with other Breast cancer subtypes.
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women. A woman's risk of getting ovarian cancer during her lifetime is about 1 in 91. Her lifetime chance of dying from ovarian cancer is about 1 in 143. This cancer mainly develops in older women. About half of the women who are diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older.
Uterine cancer deaths could soon outnumber deaths from ovarian cancer. Uterine cancer will affect about 66,200 women in 2023 in the U.S. — and around 13,000 will die from the disease annually. Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, refers to cancers that develop in the uterus.
Among all risk factors, breast density is the most important predictor of breast cancer risk. Increase in breast cancer risk from lowest to highest breast density category is on the order of fivefold depending on the age of the patient, with greater relative risk in older women. Mammographic density, when added to the factors used in predictive models, increase the power of prediction and thus is independent of other risk factors.