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Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease each affect women more often than men, about two to three times as often. Also, two-thirds of healthy women have ‘brain fog’ during menopause. Hormones such as estrogen clearly play a role, but their decline does not fully account for why female brains appear more vulnerable to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.
Epigenetics plays a significant role in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by influencing gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. These heritable modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and regulation by non-coding RNAs, all of which can alter the activity of genes involved in neurodevelopment, synaptic function, and neural circuitry.
Migraine is a genetically influenced complex neurological disorder characterized by episodes of moderate-to-severe headaches, typically unilateral and frequently accompanied by nausea and heightened sensitivity to light and sound. These episodes, known as migraine attacks, can last hours to days and significantly impact daily activities and the quality of life of individuals.
Recent studies suggest a significant link between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Specifically, research indicates that individuals with a history of HSV-1 (oral herpes) infections may be more susceptible to developing dementia later in life.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, the protective covering around nerve fibers in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This damage slows or blocks nerve signals, leading to a wide range of symptoms. Multiple sclerosis is significantly more common in women. Women are up to three times more likely to develop MS with the most common type, relapsing-remitting MS, being particularly prevalent among women. MS is typically diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40.
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition, and one of the leading causes of dementia. Studies have consistently revealed a greater risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) development in women compared to men, with postmenopausal women exhibiting heightened susceptibility. Alzheimer’s is characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. While the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease remain elusive, recent research has suggested a surprising potential contributor to its development: the herpes simplex virus (HSV), particularly HSV-1.
Estrogens are pivotal regulators of brain function, exerting profound effects from early embryonic development to aging. Extensive experimental evidence underscores the multifaceted protective roles of estrogens on neurons and neurotransmitter systems, particularly in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Studies have consistently revealed a greater risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) development in women compared to men, with postmenopausal women exhibiting heightened susceptibility. This connection between hormone levels and long-term estrogen deprivation highlights the significance of estrogen signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) progression.