Hysterectomies are still widely overperformed in the United States when compared to other western countries. In the U.S. 33% of women will undergo a hysterectomy by age 60. That compares to 20% at the same age in the UK and Germany and only 10 to 15% in France.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring vaginal flora, characterized by both a change in the most common type of bacteria present as well as an increase in the total number of bacteria present.  Lactobacillus species dominates normal vaginal microbiota. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with a decline in the overall number of lactobacilli. Most bacterial vaginosis infections start with the organism Gardnerella vaginosis, which creates a biofilm that subsequently provides a conducive environment for the proliferation of other opportunistic bacteria. G vaginalis also produces vaginolysin, a pore-forming toxin affecting human cells. 

Stress is a complex physiological and psychological response to perceived threats or pressures, and it affects women in distinct ways due to a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Understanding the pathogenesis of stress in women requires exploring these multifaceted influences and how they interact.

Uterine fibroids are common growths of the uterus. They often appear during the reproductive years. Uterine fibroids are not cancer, and they rarely turn into cancer. They aren't linked with a higher risk of other types of cancer in the uterus either. They're also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas.

Most fibroids are asymptomatic and may even be asymptomatic during pregnancy. However, in some cases, they may interfere with conception or can cause spontaneous abortion, missed abortions, abnormal fetal presentation, obstructed labor, an increased likelihood of premature deliveries, and postpartum hemorrhage. Whereas, in non-pregnant women, fibroids are associated with an irregular menstrual cycle, often with heavy menstrual bleeding, infertility, constipation, urinary incontinence, and leiosarcoma transformation (a rare aggressive cancer). Uterine fibroids can occur in non-pregnant women and then continue into pregnancy or may develop de novo in pregnancy.